Séminaire Probabilités et Statistique

Je présenterai dans cet exposé des résultats nouveaux sur l’existence et l’unicité de solution pour des EDSRs réfléchies dans des domaines non convexes supposés « faiblement étoilés ». Notons que le cas particulier des EDSRs de générateur nul, à savoir l’espérance conditionnelle pour la filtration brownienne, est déjà un cas d’étude intéressant et permet de définir une notion de moyenne contrainte à prendre ses valeurs dans un ensemble non convexe. En particulier, on établit des résultats d’existence et d’unicité dans un cadre markovien avec une condition terminale et un générateur réguliers, mais également dans un cadre général sous une hypothèse de petitesse sur les paramètres de l’EDSR. C’est un travail en commun avec Jean-François Chassagneux (Université de Paris) et Sergey Nadtochiy (Illinois Institute of Technology).

Reinforced processes are known to provide a stochastic approximation for the quasi-stationary distributions of killed Markov processes. We show how the construction may be adapted to provide a stochastic approximation of the paths of killed Markov processes conditioned on survival. Whilst rigorous results are restricted to time being discrete and the state space finite, the strategy employed should be extendable to a general setting in the future.

Existence and uniqueness of solutions to the stochastic heat equation with multiplicative spatial noise is studied. In the spirit of pathwise regularization by noise, we show that a perturbation by a sufficiently irregular continuous path establish wellposedness of such equations, even when the drift and diffusion coefficients are given as generalized functions or distributions. In addition we prove regularity of the averaged field associated to a Lévy fractional stable motion, and use this as an example of a perturbation regularizing the multiplicative stochastic heat equation.

Joint work With Fabian Harang

Dans cet exposé je présenterai un travail en collaboration avec Oriane Blondel et Cristina Toninelli où nous étudions le modèle FA1f en dimension 1. Il s’agit d’un système de particules en interaction (plus précisément un modèle issu de la physique statistique dit modèle cinétiquement contraint où chaque site met à jour la valeur de son spin si une certaine contrainte locale est satisfaite, ici c’est le fait d’avoir au moins un 0 dans ses voisins). Dans ce travail, nous prouvons, sous certaines conditions, une vitesse linéaire, et des fluctuations gaussiennes, pour le front (i.e. le 0 le plus à gauche lorsque l’on part d’une configuration initiale avec que des 1 à gauche de l’origine et un 0 en l’origine). Ce talk sera l’occasion de présenter les techniques classiques utilisées dans les modèles de croissance aléatoire tels que le processus de contact et de parler de méthode de couplage permettant de passer d’un modèle bien connu a un modèle plus complexe (en particulier non attractif).

Point-cloud datasets are ubiquitous in many science and non-science fields. These data are usually coming along with unique patterns that some algorithms are meant to extract and that are linked with the underlying phenomenon that generated the data.
In this presentation, motivated by cosmological problematics, we will focus on two kinds of spatially structured datasets. First, clustered-type patterns in which the datapoints are separated in the input space into multiple groups. We will show that the unsupervised clustering procedure performed with a Gaussian Mixture Model can be formulated in terms of a statistical physics optimisation problem. This formulation enables the unsupervised extraction of many key information about the dataset itself, like the number of clusters, their size and how they are embedded in space, particularly interesting for high-dimensional input spaces where visualisation is not possible.
On the other hand, we will study spatially continuous datasets assuming as standing on an underlying 1D structure that we aim to learn. To this end, we resort to a regularisation of the Gaussian Mixture Model in which a spatial graph is used as a prior to approximate the underlying 1D structure. The overall graph is efficiently learnt by means of the Expectation-Maximisation algorithm with guaranteed convergence and comes together with the learning of the local width of the structure. We then illustrate applications of the algorithm to model and identify the filamentary pattern drawn by the galaxy distribution of the Universe in cosmological datasets.

In this talk, we will discuss some results on the estimation of the invariant density associated to a multivariate diffusion X = (X_t)_t≥0, assuming that a continuous record of observations (X_t)_0≤t≤T is available. We will see that, when X = (X_t)_t≥0 is the solution of a stochastic differential equation with Levy-type jumps, it is possible to find the parametric convergence rate 1/T in the monodimensional case and log(T)/T when the dimension d is equal to 2. For d ≥ 3 we find the convergence rate (log(T)/T)^γ, where γ is an explicit exponent depending on the dimension d and on β₃, the harmonic mean of the smoothness of the invariant density over the d directions after having removed β₁ and β₂, which are the smallest. Moreover, we obtain a lower bound on the L²-risk for pointwise estimation, with the rate (1/T)^γ. In order to fill the logarithmic gap we consider then X = (X_t)_t≥0 as a solution to a continuous stochastic differential equation. One (surprising) finding is that the convergence rate depends on the fact that β₂ < β₃ or β₂ = β₃. In particular, we show that kernel density estimators achieve the rate (log(T)/T)^γ in the first case and (1/T)^γ in the second. Finally, we prove a minimax lower bound on the L²-risk for the pointwise estimation with the same rates (log(T)/T)^γ or (1/T)^γ, depending on the value of β₂ and β₃.

One of the seemingly innocent reformulations of the terrifying Riemann Hypothesis (RH) is the Nyman-Beurling criterion: The indicator function of (0,1) can be linearly approximated in a L^2 space by dilations of the fractional part function. Randomizing these dilations generates new structures and criteria for RH, regularizing very intricate ones. One other possible nice feature is to consider polynomials instead of Dirichlet polynomials for the approximations. How then are the huge difficulties reallocated? The answers are quite surprising!

The talk will be very accessible, especially for graduate students.
Joint work with F. Alouges and E. Hillion.

Dans cet exposé, on construit, pour tout automate cellulaire probabiliste uni-dimensionnel exponentiellement ergodique et possédant une propriété de taux positifs, un flot CFTP (« coupling from the past ») localement défini. Plusieurs conséquences de cette construction sont discutées. (Travail exposé dans l’article arXiv:2106.07219).

Je montre comment à partir d’une étude approfondie statistique et probabiliste d’une base de données de températures moyennes mondiales, j’ai découvert des comportements climatologiques sans doute très difficilement accessibles par les techniques usuelles utilisées en climatologie.

In a recent paper, Leonid Petrov showed that the up-down chains associated to the Chinese Restaurant Process (CRP) have a scaling limit – namely, a two-parameter family of diffusions that extend the one-parameter infinitely-many-neutral-alleles diffusions of Ethier and Kurtz. There has since been considerable interest in constructing ordered analogues of Petrov’s diffusions, and it is conjectured that an ordered analogue of the up-down chains will give rise to such an object. In this talk, I’ll discuss my resolution of this conjecture (joint with Douglas Rizzolo). Our approach is mainly inspired by Petrov’s work, and involves using quasisymmetric functions to describe the transition operators.